Esters derived from indolealkanols and novel amides derived from indolealkylamides that are selective COX-2 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

A compound of the formula                    
     where: 
     n, and 
     X are as defined in the specification, 
     and the compound possesses selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention, in general, relates to ester derivatives and amide derivatives of various indoles, more specifically, esters and amides derived from N-(4-substituted aroyl)- or N-(4-substituted aryl)-5-alkoxy-2-alkylindole-3-alkanols and N-(4-substituted aroyl)- or N-(4-substituted aryl)-5-alkoxy-2-alkylindole-3-alkyl amines, which resultant esters and amides exhibit inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) far exceeding inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and also, which still exhibit an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect like that of the indole known as indomethacin (an NSAID), in warm blooded vertebrate animals, including humans.

Table of Abbreviations Abbreviations Definitions AcOH acetic acid CH₂Ph benzyl C(O)Ph benzoyl BOP-Cl bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphonic chloride (sold by Aldrich in Wisconsin), and also see the journal article, Diago-Meseguer, Palomo- Coll, Fernandez-Lizarbe, and Zugaza-Bilbao, “New Reagent for Activating Carboxyl Groups; Preparation and Reactions of N,N- Bis[2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl] phosphorodiamidic Chloride”, Synthesis (1980) pp. 547-551 COOH carboxylic acid moiety CID collision-induced dissociation IC₅₀ concentration in μM of indomethacin (or indomethacin derivative) at which there is 50% inhibition of COX activity--the lower IC₅₀ is, then the more potent the drug is COX cyclooxygenase CDCl₃ deuteriated chloroform DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Et₂O diethyl ether DIPEA diisopropylethyl amine DMF dimethyl formamide DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide DMEM Dulbecco's modified essential medium ESI electrospray ionization EtOAc ethyl acetate FBS fetal bovine serum 4-BBBr 4-bromobenzyl bromide 4-CBC 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride DMAP 4-dimethylamino pyridine GI gastrointestinal HPLC high performance liquid chromatography HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole IFN-g interferon gamma kg kilogram LPS lipopolysaccharide LiBH₄ lithium borohydride mp melting point MeOH methyl alcohol μL microliter μM micromole/liter mg milligram mL milliliter NSAID non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug N normal (when used in conjunction with acid concentrations) NMR nuclear magnetic resonance ¹⁴C-AA [1-⁴C]-arachidonic acid EDCl 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide.HCl (COOH)₂ oxalic acid PER peroxidase Ph phenyl PBS phosphate-buffered saline PGD₂ prostaglandin D₂ PGE₂ prostaglandin E₂ PGHS prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase PGH₂ prostaglandin H₂ rt room temperature (about 72° F., 22° C.) SDS PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate poly- acrylamide gel electrophoresis NaH sodium hydride SF-9 spodoptera frugiperda SAR structure-activity relationship BOC tert-butoxy carbonyl THF tetrahydrofuran TLC thin layer chromatography Et₃N triethyl amine

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As discussed in more detail below, the COX enzyme is really two enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, which serve different physiological and pathophysiological functions. See, DeWitt and Smith, “Primary Structure of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase from Sheep Vesicular Gland Determined from the Complementary DNA Sequence”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1988) Vol. 85, pp. 1412-1416. As is well known, at antiinflammatory and/or analgesic doses, indomethacin, aspirin, and other NSAIDs effect great inhibition of COX-1, which protects the lining of the stomach from acid, along with relatively minimal inhibition of COX-2, which provokes inflammation in response to joint injury or a disease like arthritis. Also, certain NSAIDs exhibit essentially the same inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2. The fact that all of the currently marketed NSAIDs inhibit both isozymes to different extents is thought to account for their antiinflammatory activity as well as their GI liabilities. Thus, targeting the inhibition of COX-2 alone has been the goal of drug developers for several years in order to reduce or to eliminate the GI irritation caused by COX-1 inhibition.

More specifically, prostaglandins (particularly prostaglandin E₂) are important mediators of inflammation and are also involved in a cytoprotective role in the gastric mucosa. These bioactive molecules are biosynthesized by conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H₂, which is catalyzed by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS or COX). See, Marnett and Kalgutkar, “Design of Selective Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2 as Nonulcerogenic Antiinflammatory Agents”, Vol. 2, Curr. Op. Chem. Biol., pp. 482-490 (1998).

As discussed in Smith, Garavito, and DeWitt, “D.L. Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthases (Cyclooxygenases) -1 and -2”, J. Biol. Chem., (1996) Vol. 271, pp. 33157-33160, the pertinent step in prostaglandin and thromboxane biosynthesis involves the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGH₂, which is catalyzed by the sequential action of the COX and PER activities of PGHS, as set out in the following reaction scheme:

COX-1 is the constitutive isoform and is mainly responsible for the synthesis of cytoprotective prostaglandins in the GI tract and for the synthesis of thromboxane, which triggers platelet aggregation in blood platelets. On the other hand, COX-2 is inducible and short-lived. Its expression is stimulated in response to endotoxins, cytokines, and mitogens. Importantly, COX-2 plays a major role in prostaglandin biosynthesis in inflammatory cells (monocytes/macrophages) and in the central nervous system.

Hence, the difference in the function of COX-1 and COX-2 provides a goal of separating toxicity from efficacy of NSAIDs by developing drugs that are selective COX-2 inhibitors (i.e., specificity for inhibition of COX-2 far exceeds inhibition of COX-1) as antiinflammatory, analgesic, and/or antipyretic agents with minimization of or without the GI and hematologic liabilities from COX-1 inhibition that plague most all currently marketed NSAIDs, most of which inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, with specificity for COX-1 inhibition greatly exceeding that for COX-2 inhibition, although some have essentially similar inhibitory activity against both COX-1 and COX-2. See, for instance, Meade, Smith, and DeWitt, “Differential Inhibition of Prostaglandin Indoperoxide Synthase (Cyclooxygenase) Isozymes by Aspirin and Other Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs”, J. Biol. Chem., (1993) Vol. 268, pp. 6610-6614.

Detailed SAR studies have been reported for two general structural classes (certain acidic sulfonamides and certain diarylheterocyclics) of selective COX-2 inhibitors (specificity for COX-2 inhibition far exceeds COX-1 inhibition). The in vivo activities of these selective COX-2 inhibitors validate the concept that selective COX-2 inhibition is antiinflammatory and nonulcerogenic. Specifically, in vivo efficacy studies with the diarylheterocycle class of selective COX-2 inhibitors have not only validated the hypothesis, but have also resulted in the approval of the first selective COX-2 inhibitor, namely celecoxib (sold under the trade name CELEBREX by Monsanto/Searle) for marketing in the United States.

Although acidic sulfonamides and diarylheterocyclics have been extensively studied as selective COX-2 inhibitors, there are very few reports on converting NSAIDs that are selective COX-1 inhibitors into selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,964 (issued in 1997) to Ashton et al., assignors to the University of Kentucky Research Foundation, shows conversion of indomethacin (an NSAID) into certain ester derivatives with concomitant reduction of GI irritation (see, FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,964 for the structure of the ester derivatives); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,966 (Parent) (issued in 1997) and 5,811,438 (CIP) (issued in 1998), both to Hellberg et al., assignors to Alcon Laboratories, show conversion of various NSAIDs (such as indomethacin) into certain ester derivatives and amide derivatives (that are useful as antioxidants and inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase), but do not address selective COX-2 inhibition. Moreover, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,436,265 (issued in 1995) to Black et al. and 5,510,368 (issued in 1996) to Lau et al., both patents assigned to Merck Frosst Canada, Inc., describe, respectively, 1-aroyl-3-indolyl alkanoic acids and N-benzyl-3-indoleacetic acids as COX-2 selective inhibitors.

In the present investigation, the possibility has been explored for designing selective COX-2 inhibitors using as templates various indoles.

However, nothing in the above-discussed literature suggests that converting certain indole ethanols into esters or certain indole ethylamines into amides would result in compounds that are selective for COX-2 inhibition. Thus, it would be desirable to find certain drugs which are selective COX-2 inhibitors (display an inhibition for COX-2 far exceeding inhibition for COX-1), as well as possess an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect like that possessed by the drug, indomethacin, or by other well known NSAIDs.

SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly with the present invention, it has been found that derivatization of the ethanol moiety or the ethylamine moiety of various indoles to precursor ester analogs or to precursor amide analogs, followed by N-acylation or N-alkylation of the indole nitrogen, creates isozyme specificity for COX-2. Moreover, the resultant inventive N-acylated or N-alkylated ester or inventive N-acylated or N-alkylated amide is not only a selective COX-2 inhibitor, but also possesses an analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic effect.

Therefore, the present invention provides a compound of the formula

where:

R=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, branched C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, primary, secondary or tertiary C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary branched C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary C₄ to C₈ arylamino, C₁ to C6 alkylcarboxylic acid, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, C₁ to C₆ alkylester, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ arylcarboxylic acid, C₄ to C₈ arylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, or halo-substituted versions thereof, where halo is chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo,

R₁=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, C₁ to C₆ branched alkoxy, C₄ to C₈ aryloxy, or halo-substituted versions thereof or R₁ is halo where halo is chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo,

R₂=hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl,

R₃=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ aroyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted C₄ to C₈ aroyl, or alkyl-substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, or halo-substituted versions thereof where halo is chloro, bromo, or iodo,

n=1, 2, 3, or 4, and

X=O, NH, or N—R₄, where R₄=C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl,

and the compound possesses selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.

Hence, it is an object of the invention to provide a drug that minimizes or obviates GI irritation. Moreover, it is an advantage of the present invention that the drug is also analgesic, antiinflammatory, and/or antipyretic.

Some of the objects of the invention having been stated above, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds, when taken in connection with the Laboratory Examples and Figure as described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the inhibition of production of PGD₂ in cultured inflammatory RAW264.7 cells by Compounds 5c, 5e, and 9e;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating inhibition of edema in the rat footpad by Compound 5c; and

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating inhibition of edema in the rat footpad by Compound 9e.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention involves a method for converting certain indoles into COX-2 selective inhibitors and also for using the COX-2 selective inhibitors for treating an animal that is a warm-blooded vertebrate. Therefore, the invention concerns mammals and birds.

The preferred inventive compounds useful in the present invention are esters and amides of the following Formulae I and II,

where:

R=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, branched C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, primary, secondary or tertiary C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary branched C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary C₄ to C₈ arylamino, C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, C₁ to C₆ alkylester, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ arylcarboxylic acid, C₄ to C₈ arylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, or halo-substituted versions thereof, where halo is chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo,

R₁=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, C₁ to C₆ branched alkoxy, C₄ to C₈ aryloxy, or halo-substituted versions thereof or R₁ is halo where halo is chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo,

R₂=hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl,

R₃=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ aroyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted C₄ to C₈ aroyl, or alkyl-substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, or halo-substituted versions thereof where halo is chloro, bromo, or iodo,

n=1, 2, 3, or 4, and

R₄=hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl,

and the compound possesses selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.

Compounds of Formulae 1 and 2 possess selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2.

More specifically, preferred esters and amides useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, derivatives of, respectively, esterified 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethanol and amidated 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethylamine, where the indole nitrogen has been N-acylated or N-alkylated. Even more preferred are the esters including, but not limited to, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-valerate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methoxy)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(o-methoxy)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-iodo)benzoate, N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzoate, and N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)acetate; the amides including but not limited to N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-valeramide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methoxy)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo)benamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-iodo)benzamide, N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide, and N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)ethylamide; and any combinations of these esters and/or amides.

The general reaction scheme for ester preparation of Compounds 5a through 5h (which scheme may also be employed for ester preparation of Compound 5i) was as follows:

where:

General Procedure for Making Compounds 5a through 5i.

The target N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindolealkyl esters {instead of putting the moiety p-chlorobenzoyl on the indole nitrogen, the moiety p-bromobenzyl was put on the indole nitrogen to make Compound 5h} were synthesized in 5 steps starting with commercially available 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid (Compound 1) available form Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Compound 1 was esterified to the corresponding methyl ester (Compound 2) in the presence of MeOH and BOP-Cl. Reduction of Compound 2 to 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethanol (Compound 3) was accomplished with LiBH₄ in THF-MeOH. Use of LiBH₄ for reduction to an alcohol is discussed in Soai et al., “Mixed Solvents Containing Methanol as Useful Reaction Media for Unique Chemoselective Reductions with Lithium Borohydride”, Vol. 51, J. Org. Chem., pp. 4000-4005 (1986). Compound 3, which is an alcohol, served as the precursor in the syntheses of all target inventive esters. Initial attempts in the esterification of carboxylic acid derivatives employing BOP-CI or DCC as activating agents were unsuccessful. However, precursor esters (Compounds 4a through 4h) were prepared in good yields up to about 84% (and Compound 4i may be similarly prepared) when EDCI was used as the carboxylate activating agent, together with the appropriate RCOOH. Finally, N-acylation of the indole nitrogen in precursor ester Compounds 4a through 4h with 4-CBC (but with 4-BBBr for N-alkylation of Compound 4h into Compound 5h) in the presence of NaH afforded the final target inventive ester Compounds 5a through 5h (and like N-acylation may be employed to afford Compound 5i).

Possible Amide Preparation:

Instead of 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethanol (Compound 3), the corresponding amine is a known compound and could be easily synthesized or probably could be purchased, i.e., the OH moiety in Compound 3 instead would be an NH₂ moiety, so the starting material would be 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl amine, and then the rest of the reaction scheme would be followed to make the resultant amides with the same R moiety as the resultant ester Compounds 5a through 5i.

However, Compounds 9e and 9i were indeed made, using a reaction scheme starting with Compound 1, as discussed in general immediately below and in detail further below in Example II below.

The general reaction scheme for amide preparation of Compounds 9e, 9h, and 9i (which scheme also may be employed for amide preparation of Compounds 9a through 9d, 9f, and 9g) was as follows:

where:

General Procedure for Making Compounds 9a through 9i.

The target N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindolealkyl amides 9a through 9d and 9f through 9h may be synthesized in 5 steps starting with commercially available 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid (Compound 1), available from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.), as follows, and more specifically, the synthesis of the N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro) benzamide (Compound 9e), N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl(p-chloro) benzamide (Compound 9h), and N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)ethylamide (Compound 9i) was achieved as follows.

Reaction of Compound 1 with ammonium chloride in the presence of EDCI, HOBt, and DIPEA afforded a primary amide (Compound 6). Such reactions of COOH to form CONH₂ are discussed in Wang et al., “A Selective Method for the Preparation of Primary Amides: Synthesis of Fmoc-L-4-Carboxamidophenylalanine and Other Compounds”, Vol. 40, Tett. Lett., pp. 2501-2504 (1999). Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of Compound 6 afforded a primary amine (Compound 7) which was characterized, by treatment with (COOH)₂ and Et₂O, as its stable oxalate salt. EDCI-protected coupling of Compound 7 oxalate salt with the appropriate RCOOH (i.e., 4-chlorobenzoic acid in the event of Compound 8e) afforded a precursor amide (Compounds 8a through 8i), which upon N-acylation with 4-CBC (but with 4-BBBr for N-alkylation to make Compound 9h) in the presence of NaH and DMF furnished the target compounds 9a through 9i.

Treatment of Warm-blooded Vertebrate Animals:

Contemplated is the treatment of mammals such as humans, as well as those mammals of importance due to being endangered (such as Siberian tigers), of economical importance (animals raised on farms for consumption by humans) and/or social importance (animals kept as pets or in zoos) to humans, for instance, carnivores other than humans (such as cats and dogs), swine (pigs, hogs, and wild boars), ruminants (such as cattle, oxen, sheep, giraffes, deer, goats, bison, and camels), and horses. Also contemplated is the treatment of birds, including the treatment of those kinds of birds that are endangered, kept in zoos, as well as fowl, and more particularly domesticated fowl, i.e., poultry, such as turkeys, chickens, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, and the like, as they are also of economical importance to humans. Thus, contemplated is the treatment of livestock, including, but not limited to, domesticated swine (pigs and hogs), ruminants, horses, poultry, and the like.

More particularly, a treatment effective amount of the inventive ester or the inventive amide is administered to the warm-blooded vertebrate animal. Thus, the invention comprises administration of the ester or amide in concentrations calculated to provide the animal being treated with the appropriate milieu to provide an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect.

The inventive ester and/or the inventive amide may be administered to the animal as a suppository or as a supplement to fluids that are administered internally or parenterally, for instance nutriment fluids such as intervenous sucrose solutions. Furthermore, intraoral (such as buccal or sublingual) administration or transdermal (such as with a skin patch) administration to the animal is also contemplated. A good discussion of intraoral administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,447 issued Oct. 21, 1980 to Porter and U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,086 issued Apr. 2, 1996 to Ellinwood and Gupta. A good discussion of transdermal administration can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,652 issued May 21, 1991 to Rose and Jarvik.

Additionally, administration to the animal may be by various oral methods, for instance as a tablet, capsule, or powder (crystalline form) that is swallowed. Also, oral administration may include that the inventive ester and/or the inventive amide is admixed in a carrier fluid appropriate therefor so that it is administered as a liquid (solution or suspension) that is drunk. When the ester and/or the amide is admixed in a carrier fluid, appropriate fluids include, but are not limited to, water, rehydration solutions (i.e., water with electrolytes such as potassium citrate and sodium chloride, for instance the solution available under the trade name RESOL® from Wyeth Laboratories), nutritional fluids (i.e., milk, fruit juice), and combinations thereof. Thus, the oral administration may be as a component of the diet, such as human food, animal feed, and combinations thereof.

In addition to oral administration such as by way of the mouth, contemplated also is administration of a solution or suspension to the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum, such as by gavage, i.e., by way of a feeding tube. Gavage type of administration is useful for when the animal is very ill and can no longer swallow food, medicine, et cetera, by mouth.

Hence, it is also contemplated that additional ingredients, such as various excipients, carriers, surfactants, nutriments, and the like, as well as various medicaments, other than the inventive ester and/or the inventive amide may be present, whatever the form that the ester and/or the amide is in. Medicaments other than an ester and/or an amide may include, but are not limited to, osmolytic polyols and osmolytic amino acids (i.e., myo-inositol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, proline, and taurine), cardiotonics (i.e., glycocyamine), analgesics, antibiotics, electrolytes (i.e., organic or mineral electrolytes such as salts), and combinations thereof.

A suitable dosing amount of inventive ester and/or inventive amide for administration to the animal should range from about 0.5 mg to about 7.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, more preferably from about 1.5 mg to about 6.0 mg per kg of body weight of the animal per day, and even more preferably from about 2.0 mg to about 5.0 mg per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day. Administration may be one or more times per day to achieve the total desired daily dose. Of course, the amount can vary depending on the severity of the illness and/or the age of the animal.

The present invention indicates that the inventive esters and the inventive amides process isozyme specificity for COX-2 and thus present an efficient strategy for the generation of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors.

Laboratory Examples

The following is noted in connection with the materials and procedures below.

The inventive esters that were made and their selective COX-2 inhibition properties are listed in Table 1 below, and a total of 8 different N-acylated or N-alkylated esters were actually prepared and 1 is suggested. The inventive amides that may be made are listed in Table 2 below, and a total of 9 different N-acylated or N-alkylated amides are listed (and of these, Compounds 9e, 9h, and 9i were actually prepared as noted in Example II below).

Materials and Instruments

Arachidonic acid was purchased from Nu Chek Prep (Elysian, Minn.). [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid (˜55-57 mCi/mmol) was purchased from NEN Dupont of American Radiolabeled Chemicals (ARC, St. Louis, Mo.). Hematin was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). COX-1 was purified from ram seminal vesicles (Oxford Biomedical Research, Inc., Oxford, Mich.). The specific activity of the protein was 20 (μMO₂/min)/mg, and the percentage of holoprotein was 13.5%. ApoCOX-1 was prepared by reconstitution by the addition of hematin to the assay mixtures. Human COX-2 was expressed in SF-9 insect cells (GIBCO BRL) by means of the pVL 1393 expression vector (Pharmingen), and purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. All of the purified proteins were shown by densitometric scanning of a 7.5% SDS PAGE gel to be >80% pure. Melting points were determined using a Gallenkamp melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. Chemical yields were unoptimized specific examples of one preparation. NSAIDs were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.). All other chemicals were purchased from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). Methylene chloride was purchased as “anhydrous” from Aldrich and was used as received. All other solvents were HPLC grade. Analytical TLC (Analtech uniplates™) was used to follow the course of reactions. Silica gel (Fisher, 60-100 mesh) was used for column chromatography. ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra in CDCl₃ were recorded on a Bruker WP-360 spectrometer or an AM-400 spectrometer; chemical shifts were expressed in parts per million (ppm, d) relative to tetramethylsilane as an internal standard. Spin multiplicities were given as s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), q (quartet), and m (multiplet). Coupling constants (J) were reported in hertz (Hz). Positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained on a Finnigan TSQ 7000 mass spectrometer. CID fragmentations were consistent with assigned structures.

Time- and Concentration-Dependent Inhibition of ovine COX-1 and Human COX-2 Using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Assay.

Cyclooxygenase activity of ovine COX-1 (44 nM) or human COX-2 (88 nM) was assayed by TLC. Reaction mixtures of 200 μL consisted of hematin-reconstituted protein in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 500 μM phenol, and [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM, ˜55-57 mCi/mmol). For the time-dependent inhibition assay, hematin-reconstituted COX-1 (44 nM) or COX-2 (88 nM) was preincubated at rt for 20 minutes with varying inhibitor concentrations in DMSO followed by the addition of [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM) for 30 seconds at 37° C. Reactions were terminated by solvent extraction in Et₂O/CH₃OH/1 M citrate, pH 4.0 (30:4:1). The phases were separated by centrifugation at 2000 g for 2 minutes and the organic phase was spotted on a TLC plate available from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, N.J.). The plate was developed in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂/glacial AcOH (75:25:1) at 4° C. Radiolabeled prostanoid products were quantitatively determined with a radioactivity scanner available from Bioscan, Inc. (Washington, D.C.). The percentage of total products observed at different inhibitor concentrations was divided by the percentage of products observed for protein samples preincubated for the same time with DMSO.

Enzymology.

IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of purified human COX-2 or ovine COX-1 by test compound were determined by the TLC assay. HoloCOX-2 (66 nM) or holoCOX-1 (44 nM) in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, containing 500 μM phenol, was treated with several concentrations of inhibitors at 25° C. for 20 min. Since the recombinant COX-2 had a lower specific activity than ovine COX-1, the protein concentrations were adjusted such that the percentages of total products obtained following catalysis of arachidonic acid by the two isoforms were comparable. The cyclooxygenase reaction was initiated by the addition of [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM) at 37° C. for 30 seconds. Control experiments in the absence of inhibitor indicated ˜25-30% conversion of fatty acid substrate to products which was sufficient for assessing the inhibitory properties of all test compounds described in this study. Under these conditions, indomethacin (comparison) displayed selective time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of COX-1 [(IC₅₀ (COX-1)˜0.05 μM; IC₅₀ (COX-2)˜0.75 μM)], and NS-398 (comparison) displayed selective COX-2 inhibition [NS-398: IC₅₀ (COX-2) ˜0.12 μM; IC₅₀ (COX-1)>66 μM].

EXAMPLE I Procedure for Preparation of Target Inventive Ester Compounds 5a Through 5i

Preparation of the Alcohol (Compound 3)

A reaction mixture containing 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetic acid (Compound 1, 800 mg, 3.64 mmol) and BOP-Cl (926 mg, 3.64 mmol) in 10 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was treated with Et₃N (735 mg, 7.28 mmol) and allowed to stir at rt for 5 minutes. The mixture was then treated with anhydrous MeOH (0.5 mL) and stirred overnight at rt. Following dilution with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), the organic solution was washed with water (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The crude esterified resultant (Compound 2) was purified by chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 25:75) to afford a pale yellow oil (648 mg, 76%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.75 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.13-7.16 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 6.98-6.99 (d, 1 H, J=2.2 Hz, ArH), 6.75-6.79 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 3.85 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.66 (s, 2 H, CH₂), 2.39 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

Next, a reaction mixture containing 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-(methyl)acetate (Compound 2,648 mg, 2.78 mmol) in anhydrous ether (20 mL) and dry MeOH (150 μL) was treated with LiBH₄ (122 mg, 5.6 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to attain rt and stirred at that temperature for 5 hours. The mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ether (2×30 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The crude alcohol, namely 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethanol (Compound 3), was purified by recrystallization in CH₂Cl₂/hexanes to afford white needles (384 mg, 67%). The mp=102-103° C. (It is noted that Archibald et al., “Synthesis and Hypotensive Activity of Benzamidopiperidylethylindoles”, Vol. 14, J. Med. Chem., pp. 1054-1059 (1971) indicated the mp=98-101° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.72 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.15-7.18 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 6.97-6.98 (d, 1 H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.76-6.80 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 3.83-3.85 (m, 5 H, CH₂ & OCH₃), 2.92-2.97 (t, 2 H, J=6.4 Hz, CH₂), 2.39 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

Procedure for the Esterifcation of Compound 3 (Preparation of Compounds 4a Through 4i)

To a solution of the appropriate carboxylic acid RCOOH (2.18 mmol) in 5 mL of anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ was added EDCI (2.44 mmol), DMAP (0.244 mmol) and Compound 3 (2.44 mmol) after which the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at rt. Upon dilution with water, the aqueous solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic was washed with water (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90-25:75) to afford precursor ester Compounds 4a through 4h (and could afford Compound 4i), which were used in the next step (namely, N-acylation or N-alkylation of the indole nitrogen) without any further purification, owing to their unstable nature.

(Compound 4a) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-pentyl) valerate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon chromatography on silica gel. As Compound 4a was unstable, NMR characterization was not performed, and instead, Compound 4a was used directly in the next step for preparation of Compound 5a.

(Compound 4b) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-methylphenyl) benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90) in 59% yield. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.59 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.73-7.76 (d, 1 H, J=6.7 Hz & 1.8 Hz, ArH), 7.30-7.44 (m, 1 H, ArH), 7.23-7.30 (m,2 H, ArH), 7.08-7.11 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 6.96-6.97 (d, 1 H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.58-6.62 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.33-4.37 (t, 2 H, J=6.8 Hz, CH₂), 3.67 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.01-3.05 (t, 2 H, J=6.8 Hz, CH₂), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.29 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 4c) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-methoxyphenyl) benzoate was obtained as a bright yellow oil upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 20:80) in 84% yield. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.60-7.99 (m, 4 H, ArH), 7.39 (s, 1 H, NH), 7.15-7.17 (d, 2 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.02-7.03 (d, 1 H, J=2.1 Hz, ArH), 6.88-6.91 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.75-6.79 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.1 Hz, ArH), 4.42-4.47 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂),3.83 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.70 (s, 3 H, OCH3), 3.09-3.14 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 2.40 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 4d) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-methoxyphenyl) benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon chromatography on silica gel. As Compound 4d was unstable, NMR characterization was not performed, and instead, Compound 4d was used directly in the next step for preparation of Compound 5d.

(Compound 4e) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-chlorophenyl)-benzoate was obtained as a white solid upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 10:90) in 73% yield. mp=119-120° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 7.92-7.97 (d, 2 H, J=6.7 Hz & 1.8 Hz, ArH), 7.70 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.37-7.41 (d, 2 H, J=6.8 Hz & 1.9 Hz, ArH), 7.14-7.19 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.02 (d, 1 H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.75-6.80 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.43-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 3.83 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.09-3.16 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 2.39 (s, 2 H, CH₃).

(Compound 4f) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-bromophenyl) benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 5:95) in 72% yield. mp=122-123° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 7.92-7.97 (d, 2 H, J=6.7 Hz & 1.8 Hz, ArH), 7.70 (bs, 1 H, NH), 7.37-7.41 (d, 2 H, J=6.8 Hz & 1.9 Hz, ArH), 7.14-7.19 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.02 (d, 1 H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.75-6.80 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 4.43-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂),3.83 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.09-3.16 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 2.40 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 4g) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(4-iodophenyl) benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 5:95) in 71% yield. mp=131-132° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) d 7.73-7.76 (m, 4 H, ArH), 7.14-7.19 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.02 (d, 1 H, J=2.0 Hz, ArH), 6.75-6.80 (dd, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.43-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 3.83 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.09-3.16 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 2.39(s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 4h) Same as Compound 4e.

(Compound 4i) 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)acetate. This may be similarly obtained and characterized by NMR.

Procedure for N-acylation (or N-alkylation to make Compound 5h) of Precursor Ester Compounds 4a through 4i (Preparation of Target Ester Compounds 5a Through 5i)

To a solution of the appropriate ester (1.57 mmol) in 5 mL of anhydrous DMF was added NaH (1.88 mmol) at 0° C. under argon. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 minutes and then treated with 4-CBC (1.88 mmol) for N-acylation of the indole nitrogen, except 4-BBBr was used for N-alkylation of the indole nitrogen to prepare Compound 5h. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and then diluted with water. The aqueous solution was extracted with ether (2×20 mL). The combined organic was washed with water (2×25 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 5:95-10:90) to afford the inventive ester target Compounds 5a through 5h (and Compound 5i may be similarly prepared).

(Compound 5a) N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-valerate was obtained as a colorless oil in 34% yield. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.47-7.50 (d, 2 H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.29-7.32 (d, 2 H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 6.80-6.81 (d, 1 H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.68-6.71 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz ArH), 6.48-6.51 (d, 1 H, J=8.9 Hz, ArH), 4.07-4.11 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 3.66-3.71 (s, 3 H, CH₃), 2.80-2.85 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 2.21 (s, 3 H, CH₃), 2.10-2.15 (t, 2 H, J=7.2 Hz, CH₂), 1.39-1.46 (m, 4 H, CH₂), 0.70-0.76 (t, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 5b) N-(pchlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzoate was obtained as a fluffy white solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 31% yield. mp=127-128° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.83-7.86 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.65 (d, 2 H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.37-7.45 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.19-7.26 (m, 2 H, ArH), 7.00-7.01 (d, 1 H, J=2.2 Hz, ArH), 6.90-6.93 (d, 1 H, J=Hz, ArH), 6.65-6.69 (dd, 1 H, J=8.9 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.474.52 (t, 2 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 3.80 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.11-3.15 (t, 2 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 2.56 (s, 3 H, CH₃), 2.36 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 462 (MH⁺), m/z 326, 139.

(Compound 5c) N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3ethylo-(p-methoxy)benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 28% yield. mp=95-97° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.95-7.97 (d, 2 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.64 (d, 2 H, J=8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.42-7.44 (d, 2 H, J=8.3 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.02 (d, 1 H, J=2.2 Hz, ArH), 6.89-6.93 (m, 3 H, ArH), 6.66-6.69 (dd, 1 H, J=8.9 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.47-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 3.86 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3,82 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.10-3.14 (t, 2 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 2.36 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 478 (MH⁺), m/z 326, 308, 188, 139.

(Compound 5d) N-(pchlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3thyl-(o-methoxy)benzoate was obtained as a white solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 28% yield. mp=88-90° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.95-7.97 (d, 2 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.66 (m, 2 H, ArH), 7.41-7.45 (m, 3 H, ArH), 6.89-7.01 (m, 5 H, ArH), 6.66 6.69 (dd, 1 H, J=8.9 Hz & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 4.47-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 3.87 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.80 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.10-3.14 H, J=6.9 Hz, CH₂), 2.36 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 478 (MH⁺), m/z 326, 139.

(Compound 5e) N -(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 35% yield. mp=102-104° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.91-7.96 (d, 2 H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.62-7.66 (d, 2 H, J=8.5 Hz, ArH), 7.38-7.46 (m, 4 H, ArH), 7.00-7.01 (d, 1 H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.86-6.91 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.66-6.70 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz & 2.4 Hz, ArH), 4.47-4.54 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.82 (s, 3 H, OCH₃),3.10-3.17 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 2.38 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 482 (MH⁺), 326, 188, 139.

(Compound 5f) N-(p-Chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo)benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 41% yield. mp=97-99° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.84-7.88 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.54-766 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.42-7.46 (m, 2 H, ArH), 6.99-7.00 (d, 1 H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.86-6.91 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.69-6.70 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz & 2.4 Hz, ArH), 4.47-4.54 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.82 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.09-3.16 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 2.37 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 5g) N-(phlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl(-p-iodo)benzoate was obtained as a pale yellow solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 40% yield. mp=128-129° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.84-7.88 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.54-7.66 (m, 3 H, ArH), 7.42-7.46 (m, 2 H, ArH), 6.99-7.00 (d, 1 H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.86-6.91 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.69-6.70 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz & 2.4 Hz, ArH), 4.47-4.54 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.82 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.09-3.16 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 2.37 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

(Compound 5h) N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzoate was obtained as a white solid upon recrystallization with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes in 14% yield. mp=96-98° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.89-7.93 (d, 2 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 7.33-7.38 (m, 4 H, ArH), 7.04-7.07 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.76-6.79 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz & 2.1 Hz, ArH), 5.20 (s, 2 H, CH₂), 4.46-4.51 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 3.82 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.14-3.19 (t, 2 H, J=7.0 Hz, CH₂), 2.24 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 512 (MH⁺), m/z 358, 187, 171.

(Compound 5i) N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)acetate may be similarly obtained.

The structures and IC₅₀ values for inventive target Compounds 5a through 5i are set out in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Selective COX-2 Inhibition by Inventive Esters IC₅₀ (μM) Compound COX-2 COX-1 Selectivity 5a

0.65 >66 >1015 5b

0.05 >66 >1320 5c

0.04 >66 >1466 5d

0.05 >66 >1320 5e

0.05 >66 >1320 5f

0.04 >66 >1466 5g

0.05 >66 >1320 5h

<2.0 >66  >33 5i

not prepared IC₅₀ values represent time-dependent inhibition. Ovine COX-1 (44 nM) was preincubated with inhibitors at 25° C. for 15 min followed by the addition of [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid (50 μM) at 37° C. for 30 seconds. All assays were conducted in duplicate.

As can be seen in Table 1, all of the N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl ester Compounds 5a through 5g and the N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-3-ethyl ester Compound 5h displayed potent and selective inhibition of COX-2. These compounds exhibited IC₅₀ values for COX-2 inhibition in the low nanomolar range with very high COX-2 selectivity ratios.

Example II Procedure for Preparation of Target Inventive Amide Compounds 9a through 9i

The structures for suggested Compounds 9a through 9d and 9f through 9h, and also, the structures for Compounds 9e, 9h, and 9i, which were made, are set out in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 (Suggested Amides 9a through 9d and 9f through 9h, and Actually Made Amides 9e, 9h, and 9i) Compound 9a

9b

9c

9d

9e

9f

9g

9h

9i

Preparation of 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetamide (Compound 6)

A reaction mixture containing Compound 1 (880 mg, 4.02 mmol), EDCl (1.16 g,6.04 mmol), HOBt (816 mg,6.04 mmol), DIPEA (2.8 mL, 16.08 mmol), ammonium chloride (430 mg, 8.04 mmol) in anhydrous DMF 16 mL (4 mL DMF/1 mmol) was stirred at rt for 5 hours. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×10 mL), water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo till a minimum volume of EtOAc remained. Upon cooling, the desired primary amide crystallized out as a white crystalline solid, in 64% yield. mp=146-148° C. t is noted that Shaw, “The Synthesis of Tryptamines Related to Seratonin”, Vol. 77, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., pp. 4319-4324 (1955) reported the mp=147-150° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 10.56 (s, 1 H, NH), 7.34 (bs, 1 H, CONH), 6.96-7.22 (m, 1 H, ArH), 6.81 (s, 1 H, ArH), 6.74 (bs, 1 H, CONH), 6.58-6.62 (m, 1 H, ArH), 3.78 (s, 3 H, CH₃), 3.34 (s, 2 H, CH₂), 2.29 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 219 (MH⁺), m/z 187, 174, 148.

Preparation of 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl amine (Compound 7)

To a suspension of LiAH₄ (370 mg, 9.74 mmol) in anhydrous THF (80 mL) was added 5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-acetamide (Compound 6) (760 mg, 3.38 mmol) under argon at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at rt under argon for 60 hours. The reaction was carefully quenched by the addition of ice-cold water (˜100 mL) and then extracted with Et₂O (3×25 mL). The combined ether extracts were washed with 1 N HCl (2×25 mL). The combined acidic extract was washed once with Et₂O (50 mL) and then neutralized with 1 N NaOH. Following neutralization, the aqueous solution was extracted with Et₂O (3×25 mL). The combined organic solution was washed with water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil (530 mg, 73%). A portion of the oil was treated with a solution containing one equivalent of oxalic acid in Et₂O to furnish the oxalate salt of Compound 7, which was recrystallized from MeOH/Et₂O to afford a light brown crystalline solid. mp=176-178° C.; ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.12-7.16 (d, 1 H, J=8.7 Hz, ArH), 6.94-6.95 (d, 1 H, J=2.3 Hz, ArH), 6.67-6.71 (dd, 1 H, J =8.7 & 2.3 Hz, ArH), 3.80-3.84 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.01-3.11 (dd, 4 H, J=8.3 Hz, CH₂), 2.36 (s, 3 H, CH₃). ESI-CID 205 (MH⁺), m/z 188, 173, 158,145, 130.

Preparation of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide (Compound 9e)

A reaction mixture containing Compound 7 oxalate salt (520 mg, 2.55 mmol), EDCl (489 mg, 2.55 mmol), DMAP (31 mg, 0.255 mmol), and 4-chlorobenzoic acid (354 mg, 2.26 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (15 mL) was stirred at rt for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×15 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ extracts were washed with water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo. The crude amide was chromatographed on silica gel (EtOAc:hexanes; 25:75 then 60:40) to afford the precursor amide Compound 8e as a yellow oil (390 mg, 45%), which was used in the next step without any further characterization owing to its unstable nature.

To a reaction mixture comprising Compound 8e (390 mg, 1.14 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (3 mL) was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil) (56 mg, 1.4 mmol) at 0° C. under argon. After stirring for 20 minutes, the reaction was treated with 4-CBC (180 μL, 1.4 mmol) for N-acylation of the indole nitrogen, and the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at rt. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with Et₂O (3×10 mL). Th combined Et₂O extracts were washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (3×10 mL), water, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the solvent concentrated in vacuo to afford a yellow residue. Silica gel chromatography (EtOAc:hexanes; 20:80 then 40:60) afforded the desired product as a pale yellow solid (recrystallized from EtOAc/hexanes) (371 mg, 67%). mp=165-166° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.58-7.65 (m, 4 H, ArH), 7.43-7.47 (d, 2 H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.36-7.39 (d, 2 H, J=8.6 Hz, ArH), 6.96-6.97 (d, 1 H, J=2.4 Hz, ArH), 6.88-6.90 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz, ArH), 6.65-6.69 (dd, 1 H, J=9.0 & 2.5 Hz, ArH), 6.17 (bt, 1 H, CONH), 3.76 (s, 3 H, OCH₃), 3.67-3.71 (q, 2 H, J=6.6 Hz, CH₂), 2.99-3.04 (t, 2 H, J=6.75 Hz, Ch₂), 2.33 (s, 3 H, CH₃).

Preparation of N-(p-chlorobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide (Compound 9h)

The procedure employed for preparation of Compound 9e was repeated except as follows. In the treatment of Compound 8e, 4-bromobenzyl bromide for N-alkylation was used instead of 4-CBC for N-acylation, so the resultant was 9h instead of 9e.

Preparation of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)ethylamide (Compound 9i)

The procedure employed for preparation of Compound 9e was repeated except as follows. In the treatment of Compound 7, phenylacetic acid was used instead of 4-chlorobenzoic acid, so the resultant was 8i instead of 8e.

Then, 8i was treated the same as 8e to afford 9i instead of 9e.

The IC₅₀ value for inventive target Compounds 9e and 9i were determined to be as follows.

Selective COX-2 Inhibition by Inventive Amide IC₅₀ (μM) Compound COX-2 COX-1 Selectivity 9e 0.050 4.0 80 9h 0.040 >66 >1650 9i ˜0.040 ˜17 ˜425

Example III Carrageenan-Induced Rat Foot Paw Edema Assay for Ester Compound 5c and Amide Compound 9e as Inhibitor

All procedures were performed according to approved animal protocols (#M/98/251, Vanderbilt University Animal Care Committee). Male Sprague Dawley rats (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, Ind.) (150-175 grams) were fasted for 18 hours and then injected with λ-carrageenan (0.1 ml of a 1% suspension in 0.85% saline, Fluka BioChemika, Milwaukee, Wis.) into the right hind footpad. After 1 hour, 90 μl inhibitor (either Compound 5c or Compound 9e) in DMSO was added to 6 ml corn oil, and the rats were gavaged with 0.5 ml corn oil containing DMSO or containing DMSO and inhibitor.

The ipsilateral footpad volume was measured with a water displacement plethysmometer (Ugo Basile, Italy, distributed by Stoelting Co., Wood Dale, Ill.) at 3 hour post-injection and compared to the initial pre-injection paw volume. Inhibitor concentrations were varied as shown in FIG. 2 (Compound 5c) and FIG. 3 (Compound 9e), with n=6 animals per group in duplicate experiments.

Example IV Inhibition of COX-2 Activity in Intact Activated RAW 264.7 Cells by Indolealkanol Ester Compound 5c, Indolealkanol Ester Compound 5e, and Indolealkanol Amide Compound 9e

The ability of these compounds to inhibit COX-2 in intact cells was assayed in activated RAW264.7 macrophages in which COX-2 activity was induced by pathologic stimuli. The macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (500 mg/mL) and γ-interferon (10 U/mL) for 7.5 hours to induce COX-2 and then treated with several concentrations of each of inventive Compounds 5c, 5e, and 9e.

More specifically, low passage number murine RAW264.7 cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS. Cells (6.2×10⁶ cells/T25 flask) were activated with 500 ng/mL LPS and 10 units/mL IFN-γ in serum-free DMEM for 7 hours. Vehicle (DMSO) or inhibitor (inventive Compound 5c, 5e, or 9e) in DMSO (0-1 μM) was added for 30 minutes at 37° C. Inhibition of exogenous arachidonic acid metabolism or inhibition of PGD₂ synthesis was determined by incubating the cells with 20 μM [1-¹⁴C]-arachidonic acid, respectively, for 15 minutes at 25° C. Aliquots (200 μL) were removed into termination solution and total products were quantitatively determined by the TLC assay as described earlier.

The results are summarized in the graph of FIG. 1. Thus, in addition to inhibition of purified COX-2, these compounds are potent inhibitors of COX-2 activity in cultured inflammatory cells.

Example V representative Compounds of Formulae I and II

Table 3 sets forth representative amide compounds of Formula II having representative R, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ group substituents, and Table 4 sets forth representative ester compounds of Formula I having representative R, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ group substituents, in accordance with the present invention.

TABLE 3 N-(Substituted)-5-substituted-2-alkylindole-3-ethylamides

Compd R₁ R₃ R₂ R₄ R 9a OCH₃

CH₃ H

9b OCH₃

CH₃ H

9c OCH₃

CH₃ H

9d OCH₃

CH₃ H

9e OCH₃

CH₃ H

9f OCH₃

CH₃ H

9g OCH₃

CH₃ H

9h OCH₃

CH₃ H

9i OCH₃

CH₃ H

9j OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₃ 9k OCH₃

H H CH₃ 9l OCH₃

H H CH₃ 9m OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂CH₂ 9n Cl

CH₃ H CH₃ 9o Cl

CH₃ H CH₃ 9p Cl

CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 9q Cl

CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 9r Cl

CH₃ H

9s Cl

CH₃ H

9t Cl

CH₃ CH₃

9u OCH₃

CH₃ H

9v OCH₃

CH₃ H

9w OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₃ 9x OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ 9y OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂CH₃ 9z OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ CH₂CH₃ 9aa OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9bb OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9cc OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9dd OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9ee OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ CH₂COOH 9ff OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 9gg OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 9hh OCH₃

CH₃ H

9ii OCH₃

CH₃ H

9jj OCH₃

CH₃ H

9kk OCH₃

CH₃ H

9ll OCH₃

CH₃ H

9mm OCH₃

CH₃ H

9nn OCH₃

CH₃ H

9oo OCH₃

CH₃ H (CH₂)₂OH 9pp OCH₃

CH₃ H (CH₂)₂OH 9qq OCH₃

CH₃ H

9rr OCH₃

CH₃ H

9ss OCH₃

CH₃ H

9tt OCH₃

CH₃ H

9uu OCH₃

CH₃ H

9vv OCH₃

CH₃ H

9ww OCH₃

CH₃ H

9xx OCH₃

CH₃ H

9yy OCH₃

CH₃ H

9zz OCH₃

CH₃ H

9aaa OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9bbb OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9ccc OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9ddd OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9eee OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ CH₂COOH 9fff OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 9ggg OCH₃

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 9hhh OCH₃

CH₃ H

9iii OCH₃

CH₃ H

9jjj OCH₃

CH₃ H

9kkk OCH₃

CH₃ H

9lll OCH₃

CH₃ H

9mmm OCH₃

CH₃ H

9nnn OCH₃

CH₃ H

9ooo Br

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9ppp Br

CH₃ H CH₂COOCH₃ 9qqq Br

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9rrr Br

CH₃ H CH₂COOH 9sss Br

CH₃ CH₃ CH₂COOH 9ttt Br

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃0₂ 9uuu Br

CH₃ H CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 9vvv Br

CH₃ H

9www Br

CH₃ H

9xxx Br

CH₃ H

9yyy Br

CH₃ H

9zzz Br

CH₃ H

TABLE 4 N-(Substituted)-5-substituted-2-alkylindole-3-ethylesters

Compound R₁ R₃ R₂ R 5a OCH₃

CH₃

5b OCH₃

CH₃

5c OCH₃

CH₃

5d OCH₃

CH₃

5e OCH₃

CH₃

5f OCH₃

CH₃

5g OCH₃

CH₃

5h OCH₃

CH₃

5i OCH₃

CH₃

5j OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ 5k OCH₃

H CH₃ 5l OCH₃

H CH₃ 5m OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂CH₃ 5n Cl

CH₃ CH₃ 5o Cl

CH₃ CH₃ 5p Cl

CH₃ CH₃ 5q Cl

CH₃ CH₃ 5r Cl

CH₃

5s Cl

CH₃

5t Cl

CH₃

5u OCH₃

CH₃

5v OCH₃

CH₃

5w OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ 5x OCH₃

CH₃ CH₃ 5y OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂CH₃ 5z OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂CH₃ 5aa OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5bb OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5cc OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5dd OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5ee OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5ff OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5gg OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5hh OCH₃

CH₃

5ii OCH₃

CH₃

5jj OCH₃

CH₃

5kk OCH₃

CH₃

5ll OCH₃

CH₃

5mm OCH₃

CH₃

5nn OCH₃

CH₃

5oo OCH₃

CH₃ (CH₂)₂OH 5pp OCH₃

CH₃ (CH₂)₂OH 5qq OCH₃

CH₃

5rr OCH₃

CH₃

5ss OCH₃

CH₃

5tt OCH₃

CH₃

5uu OCH₃

CH₃

5vv OCH₃

CH₃

5ww OCH₃

CH₃

5xx OCH₃

CH₃

5yy OCH₃

CH₃

5zz OCH₃

CH₃

5aaa OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5bbb OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5ccc OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5ddd OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5eee OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5fff OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5ggg OCH₃

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5hhh OCH₃

CH₃

5iii OCH₃

CH₃

5jjj OCH₃

CH₃

5kkk OCH₃

CH₃

5lll OCH₃

CH₃

5mmm OCH₃

CH₃

5nnn OCH₃

CH₃

5ooo Br

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5ppp Br

CH₃ CH₂COOCH₃ 5qqq Br

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5rrr Br

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5sss Br

CH₃ CH₂COOH 5ttt Br

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5uuu Br

CH₃ CH₂N(CH₃)₂ 5vvv Br

CH₃

5www Br

CH₃

5xxx Br

CH₃

5yyy Br

CH₃

5zzz Br

CH₃

It will be understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation-the invention being defined by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula

where: R=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, branched C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, primary, secondary or tertiary C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary branched C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary C₄ to C₈ arylamino, C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, C₁ to C₆ alkylester, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ arylcarboxylic acid, C₄ to C₈ arylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, or halo-substituted versions of the afore mentioned moieties defining R, where halo is chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo, R₁=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, C₁ to C₆ branched alkoxy, C₄ to C₈ aryloxy, or halo-substituted versions of the afore mentioned moieties defining R₁, or R₁ is halo, where halo is chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo, R₂=hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, n=1, 2, 3, or 4, and when R₃=halobenzyl, then X=NH or N—R₄, where R₄=C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, and when R₃=halobenzoyl, then X=O, and the compound possesses selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, where selectivity is at least 1015 for the ratio of IC₅₀ for cyclooxygenase-1 divided by IC₅₀ for cyclooxygenase-2.
 2. The compound of claim 1, where: R is selected from the group consisting of valeryl, methyl-phenyl, phenethyl, methoxy-phenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, and iodophenyl; R₁ is methyl; R₂ is methyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of chlorobenzoyl, bromobenzoyl, and iodobenzoyl; and X=O.
 3. The compound of claim 2, where the compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-valerate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methoxy) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(o-methoxy) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-iodo) benzoate, and N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)acetate.
 4. The compound of claim 1, where: R is selected from the group consisting of valeryl, methyl-phenyl, phenethyl, methoxy-phenyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, and iodophenyl; R₁ is methyl; R₂ is methyl; R₃ is selected from the group consisting of chlorobenzyl, bromobenzyl, and iodobenzyl; and X is NH or N—R₄.
 5. The compound of claim 4, where the compound is N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide.
 6. A method for analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic treatment in a warm blooded vertebrate animal, comprising administering to the animal a treatment-effective amount sufficient to create an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect of a compound of the formula

where: R=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, branched C₁ to C₆ hydroxyalkyl, hydroxy substituted C₄ to C₈ aryl, primary, secondary or tertiary C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary branched C₁ to C₆ alkylamino, primary, secondary or tertiary C₄ to C₈ arylamino, C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylcarboxylic acid, C₁ to C₆ alkylester, branched C₁ to C₆ alkylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ arylcarboxylic acid, C₄ to C₈ arylester, C₄ to C₈ aryl substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, alkyl-substituted or aryl-substituted C₄ to C₈ heterocyclic alkyl or aryl with O, N or S in the ring, or halo-substituted versions of the afore mentioned moieties defining R, where halo is chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo, R=C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, C₄ to C₈ cycloalkyl, C₄ to C₈ aryl, C₄ to C₈ aryl-substituted C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, C₁ to C₆ branched alkoxy, C₄ to C₈ aryloxy, or halo-substituted versions of the afore mentioned moieties defining R₁, or R₁ is halo, where halo is chloro, fluoro, bromo, or iodo, R₂=hydrogen, C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, n=1, 2, 3, or 4, and when R₃=halobenzyl, then X=NH or N—R₄, where R₄=C₁ to C₆ alkyl or C₁ to C₆ branched alkyl, when R₃=halobenzoyl, then X=O, and the compound possesses selectivity for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, where selectivity is at least 1015 for the ratio of IC₅₀ for cyclooxygenase-1 divided by IC₅₀ for cyclooxygenase-2.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the treatment-effective amount sufficient to create and analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect ranges from about 0.5 milligram to about 7.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the treatment effective amount sufficient to create an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect ranges from about 1.5 milligrams to about 6.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the treatment amount sufficient to create an analgesic, antiinflammatory, or antipyretic effect ranges from about 2.0 milligrams to about 5.0 milligrams per kilogram of body weight of the animal per day.
 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-valerate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl indole-3-ethyl-(p-methoxy) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(o-methoxy) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-iodo) benzoate, N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro) benzoate, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl) acetate; N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl indole-3-ethyl-valeramide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methyl)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-methoxy)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(o-methoxy)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-bromo)benzamide, N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-iodo) benzamide, N-(p-bromobenzyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(p-chloro)benzamide, and N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ethyl-(2-phenyl)ethylamide, and combinations thereof. 